Executive summary
Its revenues composed US $139($184) billion, assets equaled $62($82) billion, and also the number of employees reached more than 30,000 people in 20 countries around the world.
While Enron Corporation was so highly praised through the outside observers, internally it had highly decentralized financial control and decision-making structure, which made it practically impossible to obtain coherent and clear view on corporations’ activities and processes. Obviously, the issue was not exclusively because of poor managerial performance, all the departments of the corporation were active in the ruining corporate ethical values and principles, but executives and managers bear primary responsibility for that absence of corporate culture, clear accountability and transparence of the company. If operations management worked properly, in the full force, and if it was given possibility to work in such a way, there might be an opportunity of escaping the tragedy.
Enron Corp brief history
Enron Corporation was one of the largest global energy, services and commodities company. Before it filed bankruptcy under chapter 11, it sold natural gas and electricity, delivered energy along with other commodities for example bandwidth internet connection, and provided risk management and financial services towards the clients around the world.
Enron was based in Houston, Texas, and was founded in July 1985 (though company with Enron name emerged still in 1930 (Swatz, Watkins, 2003)) through the merger of InterNorth of Omaha in Nebraska, and Houston Natural Gas. Enron Company quickly developed from merely delivering energy to brokering energy futures contracts on deregulated energy markets. In 1994, the organization started to sell electricity, and in 1995, it entered European energy market. Through the middle 2001, Enron employed about 30,000 people globally (McLEan, Elkind,2003).
Questionable accounting methods and methods provided Enron with possibility to be listed as seventh largest Usa company and was expected to dominate the marketplace which the company virtually invented within the communications, weather and power securities (Bryce, 2002). But instead the corporation had become the largest corporate failure within the global history and an example of well-planned and institutionalized corporate fraud. Enron became wealthy because of its pioneering marketing and promotion of power and communications bandwidth services and risk management derivatives, including such innovative and exotic items as weather derivatives.
In 1999, Enron launched an initiative of purchasing and selling use of high-speed Internet bandwidth, as well as Enron Online premiered as a Web-based trading site, making Enron e-commerce company. In 2000, the reported revenues from the company made $101 billion. It had stakes in almost 30,000 miles of gas pipelines, either owned or accessed 15,000 miles of fiber-optic network and had stakes in global operations on generating electricity (Thomas, 2002).
In the result, for five years consecutively, from 1996 to 2000, Enron was named “America’s most innovative Company” by Fortune magazine, and headed the list of Fortune’s “100 best companies to Work for in America” in 2000. Enron reputation was undermined by rumors on bribery and political pressure with the objective of securing contacts in South and Central America, Philippines and Africa. The Enron was blamed to make use of its connections with Clinton and Bush administrations to express pressure within their contracts. The events were then a series of scandals involving irregular accounting methods bordering on fraud which involved Enron and Arthur Andersen accounting firm and led Enron near undergoing the biggest bankruptcy in economic history in November 2001 (Emshwiller, Smith, 2001).
Since Enron was always considered a blue chip stock, the bankruptcy would be a disastrous and unprecedented event within the global financial world. Enron’s downfall was definite when it was found out that a considerable share of their profits resulted from handles so-called special-purpose entities, limited partnership under control of Enron. It led to the potential of not reporting many of the company’s losses in its fiscal reports. The final plan of Enron’s bankruptcy included creation of three new business organisations which may be spun from the company.
The reorganization process were only available in 2003 with the creation of three companies – CrossCountry Energy, Prisma Energy International, and Portland Whirlpool. CrossCountry Energy was sold to CCE Holdings L.L.C., with the money to be used for the repayment from the debts, while Prisma Energy International and Portland Whirlpool should emerge as independent companies descendant of Enron (Swatz, 2003).
Operations management scope of functions
To know the reasons of this bankruptcy and also the degree of managerial implication within the quality performance from the company, particularly that of operations management, it’s important to outline the main functions of operations management and impact it should have of functioning from the organization.
The principal task of operations management is effective transformation of inputs into “desired outputs” from the company (Shafer, 1997). The outputs are traditionally understood in manufacturing and profit-making context inside the organizations. But recently it has been recognized that operations management is a discipline which isn’t limited with your narrow functions; it may be deployed in practically any area in which the organization aims at achieving its objectives (Barnett, 1996). For instance, non-profit or public sectors need to learn how to optimize their internal operations and procedures within the situation of limited resources; service companies come to conclusion that by reappraising their delivery process they can revolutionize and significantly improve their approach to companies as well as their marketplace. Robin Wood (2001) provides the illustration of such operations management implication in Daewoo company, which understood that it may specialize and differentiate its product with the addition of definite bundle of benefits to the product which includes additional supporting services. Operations sector is the heart of those changes which are produced by leading companies to improve their performance and increase subscriber base.
The survival of commercial company depends on ability from the organization to concentrate and shape its operational resources to meet the expectations of its stakeholders: customers, employees and shareholders, expressed in organizational strategy (Russel, 1995) . Irrespective of economic sectors the company are operating in, the ability of operations management of this company to fulfill those above-mentioned tasks depends on their understanding that it is necessary to create trade-offs. They can’t avoid the situation of working under constraints and also have to know their capabilities and constraints to provide significant inputs into strategic decision-making process involving further resources from the organization.
Operations managers within the organizations aren’t empowered to make strategic decisions, however they play important role in shaping the organization’s strategy and bring about the strategic thinking ( Pasternack, Viscio, 1998). Operations managers should be able to translate strategic aims and objectives into clear operational objectives and actions and to implement, design and enhance the products from the company themselves and the processes of their delivery. They have to understand how changes incorporated to external factors influence the operation and just how alterations in taking care of from the operating-system influence other aspects.
Also, operations managers need to know how technological changes impact organization’s capacity for delivery, and also to incorporate their conclusions into strategic process (Peters, Waterman, 1982). Therefore, the heart of operations thinking includes the ability to think dynamically and systematically across some time and space (Miller, 1998). Besides traditional tasks of operation management, new perspectives and objectives emerge connected with the emergence of recent trends and developments of operations management, such as total quality management, shop floor control, global supply chain management, manufacturing planning software, yet others.
Total quality management has become one of the most important developments from the operations management. The quest for higher-level of merchandise and services quality is caused by the globalization of markets, on the one hand, and increasing litigation over products or services failure. The connection between quality and market share performance is doubtless. Those firms that fail to comprehend the issue of quality end up at the base of their industry hierarchy. A substantial share from the responsibility for quality standards rests around the operations manager. Global supply chain management is yet another very important component of operations management. The world economy has become more global than ever. Looking for lower production costs, more flexibility and local risk reduction, companies are seeking to outsource and produce services and products on global scale (Heizer, 2004). Operation managers have the effect of fulfilling the task. Project management is yet another task of the operations management department. Operation managers bear responsibility for numerous projects including considerable capital projects to a particular ones for example installing of new information system.
Effectively managing projects involves fulfillment and delivery them in timely manner and inside the budget (Stevens, 2001). In short, operations management is indispensable element of the business, since it fulfills numerous important functions from the company. Operations manager handles daily running and functioning from the organization.
The implication of poor managerial performance for that collapse of Enron Corporation
It is now necessary to find out and analyze whether operations management of Enron Corp performed all the functions mentioned above and what was the quality of their activity.
The Enron did have operations management department, which, based on their official source, fulfilled the next functions: setup accounts and notify utilities, agency agreement from customer, verify the format of invoice, setup invoice data transfer, test algorithms of invoice and file transfer to the customer, determine the reporting requirements from the customer (Enron Energy Services, 2000). Because it is seen from the source, the functions of very operations management department are extremely limited. There are other management departments which perform the functions of operations management stated above: operations facility management, commodity management, energy asset management, financial operations, and capital management. Though, the majority of functions performed by these departments, according to the source, are purely executive and lack integration, systematic vision, responsibility, control and creative aspect. Besides limited scope of functions assigned to operations management in Enron Corporation, another essential point concerns the caliber of their performance and overall corporate culture and atmosphere created within corporation. As it was mentioned above, ideally, the functions of operations management include creating ethic values, integrity, competence and clear accountability inside the organization. Enron’s management failed to adhere to these tasks.